Analysis of ancient DNA and RNA of human remains from different sites and time periods to determine the presence of viruses, but also bacteria and parasites. The aim is to get an overview of common pathogens (and perhaps microbiomes) at specific time points and to study past epidemics. 1. Northern Project : samples from northern Europe (Sigtuna, Westerhus, Frösön, Sandby borg) from the Iron and Viking Ages. 2. Iberian muslims : samples from an islamic medieval cemetery. Aim:look for smallpox DNA maybe brought from the Umayyad expansion. 3. Battles of Öland (Kronan flagship, 1676) and Wagram (1809) : Soldiers recent battles. Aim: look for preserved RNA and overview of common sicknesses of soldiers in campaign. 4. Helgeandsholmens (medieval Stockholm) and the mass grave of Korsbetningen (Battle of Visby, Gotland 1361) : Aim: look for even older RNA. 5. Plague of Athens 430BCE : described symptoms could be caused by smallpox more than the plague. Update 2025: The Northern project has been divided between a project on Leprosy in Sandby borg, Chickenpox in Vivallen, Infectious diseases between a early urban environment and the contemporary countryside for Sigtuna and the other mentioned sites. The Iberian muslims project has been divided between the now published project on the medieval necropolis of Las Gobas (published with acknowledgements to this project) and a manuscript in preparation about the infectious diseases in the muslims buried in the maqbara the Yabisah (today Ibiza). The third project on battles is in the form of a final manuscript on the genotype 2 of Human parvovirus B19 in the Kronan and Mary Rose warships. The napoleonic battle unfortunately never led ancient DNA with sufficient coverage. The fourth project will likely happen during the postdoc in my lab, since it took a way longer time than planned to obtain all the bone material from historiska museet. The fifth project about Athens led very poor DNA but I have finished the pathogen analyses for this one and am waiting for my population genetics collaborators to wrap up the human side of the analyses. As described in the activity report, I have also used this project for metagenomics analyses of samples from a Tasmanian tiger where I unfortunately didn't detect any pathogen.