We will investigate the intra-species diversity of microorganisms in forest/grassland soils in a gradient of increasing afforestation. We will apply a novel metapangenomics pipeline to be able to track differences in allelic compositions and accessory gene frequencies for the different species in the dataset. By understanding how individual microbial species (and the ecosystem services they provide) adapt to afforestation and the associated changes in soil chemical properties, we will be able to achieve a bottom-up understanding of the processes leading to community resilience and soil health under changing environmental conditions.