The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) comprise the scientific basis for dietary guidelines in the Nordic and Baltic countries. This sixth edition of the NNR (2023) brings together the results from five years of work of several hundred researchers and experts, in the Nordic cooperation’s largest project [1]. The NNR 2023 provides recommendations about which foods and food groups that are expected to be good for both our health and the environment [1]. In short, the NNR 2023 recommends: a predominantly plant-based diet rich in vegetables, fruits, berries, nuts, pulses, potatoes, and whole grains as well as high fish intake; moderate intake of low-fat dairy; limited intake of red meat; reduced intake of poultry; and minimal intake of alcohol, processed meat, and other processed foods containing high amounts of fats, salt, and sugar [1]. Although each component of the NNR 2023 guidelines (at a food/food group level, e.g., wholegrains, eggs, pulses) has evidence of an impact on health and/or environment, there is no evidence of the impact of an overall high adherence to the NNR 2023 guidelines on: cardiometabolic health, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes, and cancer risk; nutritional status; exposure to toxic anthropogenic substances; and environmental and climate impact. Similarly, the associations of higher adherence to plant-based dietary patterns with those outcomes remains unclear. Finally, the potential mechanisms whereby such dietary patterns may affect cardiometabolic health and risk of CVD, cancer and diabetes have not been studied.